Jump to content

Nowruz

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Nowrouz)

For other uses, see Nowruz (disambiguation).
Nowruz
= A haft-sin arrangement, traditionally displayed for Nowruz in Iran.
Haft-sin in Iran
Nowruz in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani man and woman in traditional Nowruz outfits
Girl with torch on mountainside
Kurdish girl in Palangan, Iran, during Nowruz festival preparations
Nowruz in Kazakhstan
Kazakh students in traditional Nowruz outfits during a musical performance
Nowruz in Moscow
Citizens from the Commonwealth of Independent States dancing in Moscow, Russia, for Nowruz festivities
Observed byIranian peoples (originally)
Current countries:
TypeCultural
SignificanceVernal equinox; first day of a new year on the Solar Hijri calendar
DateBetween 19 and 22 March[25]
2024 date03:06:26, 20 March (UTC)[26][27]
FrequencyAnnual
Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz
CountryAfghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
Reference1161
RegionAsia and the Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription2016 (4th session)

Nowruz (Persian: نوروز [noːˈɾuːz])[t] is the Iranian New Year or Persian New Year.[28][29] Historically, it has been observed by Persians and other Iranian peoples,[30] but is now celebrated by many ethnicities worldwide. It is a festival based on the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox,[31] which marks the first day of a new year on the Solar Hijri calendar; it usually coincides with a date between 19 March and 22 March on the Gregorian calendar.

The roots of Nowruz lie in Zoroastrianism, and it has been celebrated by many peoples across West Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea Basin, the Balkans, and South Asia for over 3,000 years.[32][33][34][35] In the modern era, while it is observed as a secular holiday by most celebrants, Nowruz remains a holy day for Zoroastrians,[36] Baháʼís,[37] and Ismaʿili Shia Muslims.[38][39][40]

For the Northern Hemisphere, Nowruz marks the beginning of spring.[27][41] Customs for the festival include various fire and water rituals, celebratory dances, gift exchanges, and poetry recitations, among others; these observances differ between the cultures of the diverse communities that celebrate it.[42]

Overview

The first day of the Iranian calendar falls on the March equinox, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century AD the Iranian calendar was reformed by Omar Khayyam in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian astronomer Tusi was the following: "the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] was always the day on which the sun entered Aries before noon."[43] Nowruz is the first day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian solar calendar, which is the official calendar in use in Iran, and formerly in Afghanistan.

The United Nations officially recognized the "International Day of Nowruz" with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the United Nations General Assembly in February 2010.[44][45]

Etymology

The word Nowruz is a combination of the Persian words نو (now, meaning 'new') and روز (ruz, 'day'). Pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects using the pronunciation [nawˈɾoːz] (as in Dari and Classical Persian, however in Tajik, it is navrūz, written наврӯз), western dialects [nowˈɾuːz], and Tehranis [noːˈɾuːz]. A variety of spelling variations for the word nowruz exist in English-language usage, including norooz, novruz, nowruz, navruz, nauruz and newroz.[46][47]

Spring equinox calculation

Main article: March equinox
Illumination of Earth by the Sun on the day of the equinox.

Nowruz's timing is based on the vernal equinox. In Iran, it is the day of the new year in the Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the Gregorian calendar.[48]

Each 2820-year great grand cycle contains 2,137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) of a day—slightly more than 1/50 of a second—shorter than Newcomb's value for the mean tropical year of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.[48] As the source explains, the 2820-year cycle is erroneous and has never been used in practice.

Chaharshanbe Suri

Main article: Charshanbe Suri
Nowruz at the National Garden of Tehran, Iran, 2021

Chaharshanbe Suri (Persian: چهارشنبه‌سوری, romanized: čahâr-šanbeh suri (lit. "Festive Wednesday") is a prelude to the New Year.[citation needed] In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires and lighting off firecrackers and fireworks.[49][50]

In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elements—water, fire, earth and wind.[51] On the holiday eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.[52][53]

Iranians sing the poetic line "my yellow is yours, your red is mine", which means "my weakness to you and your strength to me" (Persian: سرخی تو از من، زردی من از تو, romanized: sorkhi-ye to az man, zardi-ye man az to) to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy. Trail mix and berries are also served during the celebration.

Spoon banging (قاشق زنی, qāšoq zani) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. In Iran, people wear disguises and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors' homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.[51]

The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of Trndez, which is a feast of purification in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church, celebrated forty days after Jesus's birth.[54]

Sizdah Be-dar

Main article: Sizdah Bedar

In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and picnic outdoors, as part of the Sizdah Bedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the Haft-sin setting is thrown away, usually into running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to April Fools' Day.[55]

History

Origin in the Iranian religions

An ancient relief at Persepolis for Nowruz: eternal combat between the bull, representing the Moon, and the lion, representing the Sun and spring.

There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in Iranian mythology.

The Shahnameh credits the foundation of Nowruz to the mythical Iranian King Jamshid, who saves mankind from a winter destined to kill every living creature.[56] To defeat the killer winter, Jamshid constructed a throne studded with gems. He had demons raise him above the earth into the heavens; there he sat, shining like the Sun. The world's creatures gathered and scattered jewels around him and proclaimed that this was the New Day (Now Ruz). This was the first day of Farvardin, which is the first month of the Iranian calendar.[57]

Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.[58] Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet explain the traditions for seasonal festivals and comment: "It is possible that the splendor of the Babylonian festivities at this season, led the Iranians to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year feast, with the name Navasarda "New Year" (a name which, though first attested through Middle Persian derivatives, is attributed to the Achaemenian period)." Akitu was the Babylonian festivity held during the spring month of Nisan in which Nowruz falls. Since the communal observations of the ancient Iranians appear in general to have been seasonal ones and related to agriculture, "it is probable that they traditionally held festivals in both autumn and spring, to mark the major turning points of the natural year."[58]

Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of Iranian religions, such as Mithraism and Zoroastrianism. In Mithraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the Sun's light. The Iranian festivals such as Mehregan (autumnal equinox), Tirgan, and the eve of Chelle ye Zemestan (winter solstice) also had an origin in the Sun god (Mithra). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first monotheistic religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six Gahambar festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the spring equinox. According to Mary Boyce,[59] "It seems a reasonable surmise that Nowruz, the holiest of them all, with deep doctrinal significance, was founded by Zoroaster himself"; although there is no clear date of origin.[60] Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later known, in its extended form, as Frawardinegan; and today is known as Farvardigan) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the Avesta.

The 10th-century scholar Biruni, in his work Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, Esfand Armaz and several other festivals. According to him, "It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion."[61] The Persian historian Gardizi, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhbār, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that Zoroaster highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.[62][63]

Achaemenid period

A bas-relief at the Apadana in Persepolis, depicting Armenians bringing their famous wine to the Shah.

Although the word Nowruz is not recorded in Achaemenid inscriptions,[64] there is a detailed account by Xenophon of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.[65] Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the King of Kings. The significance of the ceremony was such that King Cambyses II's appointment as the king of Babylon was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.[66]

Celebrations at Persepolis

It has been suggested that the famous Persepolis complex, or at least the palace of Apadana and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz.

Iranian and Jewish calendars

In 539 BC, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other's customs. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the story of Purim as told in the Book of Esther is adapted from an Iranian novella about the shrewdness of harem queens, suggesting that Purim may be an adoption of Iranian New Year.[67] A specific novella is not identified and Encyclopedia Britannica itself notes that "no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period are extant, so these new elements can be recognized only inferentially." Purim is celebrated the 14 of Adar, usually within a month before Nowruz (as the date of Purim is set according to the Jewish calendar, which is lunisolar), while Nowruz occurs at the spring equinox. It is possible that the Jews and Iranians of the time may have shared or adopted similar customs for these holidays.[68] The Lunar new year of the Middle East occurs on 1 Nisan, the new moon of the first month of spring, which usually falls within a few weeks of Nowruz.

Legacy in Persian literature

In his Shahnameh, the tenth-century poet Ferdowsi narrates a fictional account of Darius III's death, where an injured Darius, with his head cradled on Alexander the Great’s thigh, asks Alexander to wed Roxana, so their children might uphold Nowruz and keep the flame of Zoroaster burning:

Her mother named her Roxana the fair; The world found joy and solace in her care. ... From her, perhaps, a glorious one shall rise; Who shall renew the name of bold Esfandiyār, wise. This sacred flame of Zoroaster, he shall adorn; The Zend and Avesta scriptures, in his hands be borne. The feast of Sadeh, this auspicious rite he'll keep; The splendor of Nowruz and fire temples deep.[69]

— Ferdowsi

Parthian and Sasanian periods

Nowruz was the holiday of Parthian dynastic empires who ruled Iran (248 BC–224 AD) and the other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasties outside of Parthia (such as the Arsacid dynasties of Armenia and Iberia). There are specific references to the celebration of Nowruz during the reign of Vologases I (51–78 AD), but these include no details.[64] Before Sassanians established their power in Western Asia around 300 AD, Parthians celebrated Nowruz in autumn, and the first of Farvardin began at the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was Mehregan, a Zoroastrian and Iranian festival celebrated in honor of Mithra.[70]

Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times.

Arab conquest and Islamization of Persia

Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration Sadeh, survived the Muslim conquest of Persia of 650 CE. Other celebrations such as the Gahambars and Mehrgan were eventually side-lined or only observed by Zoroastrians. Nowruz became the main royal holiday during the Abbasid period. Much like their predecessors in the Sasanian period, Dehqans would offer gifts to the caliphs and local rulers at the Nowruz and Mehragan festivals.[71]

Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the Samanids and Buyids, Nowruz became an even more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of Sassanian times and restored many smaller celebrations that had been eliminated by the caliphate. The Iranian Buyid ruler 'Adud al-Dawla (r. 949–983) customarily welcomed Nowruz in a majestic hall, decked with gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit and colorful flowers.[72] The King would sit on the royal throne, and the court astronomer would come forward, kiss the ground, and congratulate him on the arrival of the New Year.[72] The king would then summon musicians and singers, and invited his friends to gather and enjoy a great festive occasion.[72]

Later Turkic and Mongol invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz.

In 1079 CE during the Seljuq dynasty era, a group of eight scholars led by astronomer and polymath Omar Khayyam calculated and established the Jalali calendar, computing the year starting from Nowruz.

The festival along with Mehregan was widely celebrated in Al-Andalus, as the Andalusians from the 9th century onwards strongly identified with many Iranian traditions despite the opposition from the Maliki jurists. Also, from the 10th century onwards the nobility, emirs and governors sponsored the celebrations and festivals. However, the jurists beginning from the 12th century started encouraging the Andalusians to celebrate Mawlid instead.[73]

Contemporary era

Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the Caucasian and Central Asian countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday.

Nowruz was added to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.[74][75][76][77]

Customs

Nowruz in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 2018

House cleaning and shopping

House cleaning, or shaking the house (Persian: خانه تکانی, romanized: xāne tekāni) is commonly done before the arrival of Nowruz. People start preparing for Nowruz with a major spring cleaning of their homes and by buying new clothes to wear for the New Year, as well as the purchase of flowers. The hyacinth and the tulip are popular and conspicuous.[78]

Visiting family and friends

During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.[79]

Food preparation

See also: New Year's food

One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is Samanu (Samanak, Somank, Somalek). This food is prepared using wheat germ. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs.

Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example, sabzi polo with fish is eaten on Eid night, as are sweets such as Nan-e Nokhodchi. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets.

Haft-sin

Main article: Haft-sin
Haft-sin during Nowruz in Tehran, Iran, 2010
A painting depicting Nowruz's haft-sin in relation to the four classical elements and the world's three essential forms of life: humans, animals, and plants.

Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the March equinox to celebrate the New Year.[80][81] The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times, the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (Persian: هفت‌سین, seven things beginning with the letter sin (س)) are:

The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles, painted eggs, a bowl of water, goldfish, coins, hyacinth, and traditional confectioneries. A "book of wisdom" such as the Quran, Bible, Avesta, the Šāhnāme of Ferdowsi, or the divān of Hafez may also be included.[80] Haft-sin's origins are not clear. The practice is believed to have been popularized over the past 100 years.[82]

Haft-mewa

Haft-mewa during Nowruz in Afghanistan, 2020

In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa (Dari: هفت میوه, English: seven fruits) for Nauruz, a mixture of seven different dried fruits and nuts (such as raisins, silver berry, pistachios, hazelnuts, prunes, walnut, and almonds) served in syrup.[83]

Khoncha

Khoncha during Nowruz in Azerbaijan, 2011

Khoncha (Azerbaijani: Xonça) is the traditional display of Novruz in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It consists of a big silver or copper tray, with a tray of green, sprouting wheat (samani) in the middle and a dyed egg for each member of the family arranged around it. The table should be with at least seven dishes.[51]

Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz

Main articles: Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz
An Iranian actor playing as Amu Nowruz, 2016
Iranian street performers playing as Hajji Firuz in Tehran, 2013

In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are Amu Nowruz and Haji Firuz, who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year.

Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart Santa Claus.[84] He is the husband of Nane Sarma, with whom he shares a traditional love story in which they can meet each other only once a year.[85][86] He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, giveh, and linen trousers.[87]

Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.[88]

Kampirak

In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village, distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old, bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially Bamyan and Daykundi.[89]

Nauryz kozhe

In Kazakhstan, Kazakhs start the new year by cooking nauryz kozhe, a traditional drink.[90]

Communities

The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the Black Sea basin, the Balkans, the South Caucasus, Western Asia, central and southern Asia, and by Iranian peoples worldwide.[91]

Traditional Nowruz dance performance at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France, 2011

Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include:

Nowruz is celebrated by Kurds in Iraq[10][103] Syria, and Turkey,[104] as well as by the Iranis, Shias and Parsis in the Indian subcontinent and Iranian diaspora.

Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including Los Angeles, Phoenix, Toronto, Cologne and London.[105] In Phoenix, Arizona, Nowruz is celebrated at the Persian New Year Festival.[106] But because Los Angeles is prone to devastating fires, there are very strict fire codes in the city. Usually, Iranians living in Southern California go to the beaches to celebrate the event where it is permissible to build fires.[107] On 15 March 2010, the United States House of Representatives passed the Nowruz Resolution (H.Res. 267), by a 384–2 vote,[108] "Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz".[109]

Afghanistan

Main article: Nowruz in Afghanistan

Nowruz marks Afghanistan's New Year's Day with the Solar Hijri Calendar as their official calendar. In Afghanistan, the festival of Gul-i-Surkh (Dari: گل سرخ, 'red flower') is the principal festival for Nauruz. It is celebrated in Mazar-i-Sharif during the first 40 days of the year, when red tulips grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city. People from all over the country travel to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festivals. Buzkashi tournaments are held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul and other northern Afghan cities.

Jahenda Bala (Dari: جهنده بالا, 'raising') is celebrated on the first day of the New Year.[110] It is a religious ceremony performed at the Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif by raising a special banner resembling the Derafsh Kaviani royal standard. It is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors and is the biggest recorded Nawroz gathering, with up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan attending.

In the festival of Dehqān (Dari: دهقان, 'farmer'), also celebrated on the first day of the New Year, farmers walk in the cities as a sign of encouragement for the agricultural production. In recent years, this activity only happens in Kabul and other major cities where the mayor and other government officials attend.

During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of Kabul hold family picnics in Istalif, Charikar and other green places where redbuds grow.

During the Taliban regime of 1996–2001, Nauruz was banned as "an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship".[111] In March 2022, the Taliban said that Nauruz would not be a public holiday that year, although allowed celebrations to take place.[112]

Albania

Main article: Nevruz in Albania

Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations' Bektashis, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also "share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania".

Armenia

Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by Armenians and is not a public holiday in Armenia. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.[113] The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010–11.[114][115] In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital Yerevan.[116]

In 2015, President Serzh Sargsyan sent a letter of congratulations to Kurds living in Armenia and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.[117]

Azerbaijan

Main article: Novruz in Azerbaijan

In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.[118] Additionally, in Azerbaijani tradition, the weather on the first day of Novruz is believed to forecast the seasons: spring, summer follows on the second day, autumn on the third, and winter on the fourth.[119][120]

Communities of the Azerbaijani diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,[121] and Israel.[122]

Bangladesh

Nowruz is generally not celebrated by Bangladeshis, but it is widely celebrated by the country's Shia Muslims. It continues to be celebrated regularly in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna. During the Mughal period; Nowruz was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety.[123][124] Shia Muslims in Bangladesh have been seen spraying water around their home and drinking that water to keep themselves protected from diseases. A congregation to seek divine blessing is also arranged. Members of the Nawab family of Dhaka used to celebrate it amid pomp and grandeur. In the evening, they used to float thousands of candle lights in nearby ponds and water bodies. The National poet Kazi Nazrul Islam, also a Sunni, portrayed a vivid sketch of the festival highlighting its various aspects. In his poem, he described it as a platform of exposing a youth's physical and mental beauty to another opposite one for conquering his or her heart.[125]

Central Asia

See also: Navruz in Uzbekistan

Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.[126] The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the Emirate of Bukhara, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by Amir Muzaffar, who sought to strengthen the image of the Manghyt dynasty during the crisis of political legitimacy.[127] Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.[128]

China

Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Uyghurs, Chinese Tajik, Salar, Kyrgyz and Kazakh ethnicities.[5]

Georgia

Nowruz is not celebrated by Georgians, but it is widely celebrated by the country's large Azerbaijani minority (~7% of the total population)[129] as well as by Iranians living in Georgia.[129][130] Every year, large festivities are held in the capital Tbilisi, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Shida Kartli, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti regions.[129] Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.[131][132]

India

Traditional Nowruz dance performance in New Delhi, India, 2015
Artistic impression of a Nowruz celebration in the Mughal Empire during the reign of Jahangir, depicted as part of the St. Petersburg Album of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The tradition of Nowruz in Northern India dates back to the Mughal Empire; the festival was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety in the realm.[123][124] However, it further goes back to the Parsi Zoroastrian community in Western India, who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from Persia during the Muslim conquest of Persia of 636–651 CE.

In the Princely State of Hyderabad, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the Nizam would hold a public Darbar, along with the two official Islamic holidays and the sovereign's birthday.[133] Prior to Asaf Jahi rule in Hyderabad, the Qutb Shahi dynasty celebrated Nowruz with a ritual called Panjeri, and the festival was celebrated by all with great grandeur.[134]

A popular Deccani Urdu poem written by the founder of Hyderabad, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, is recited in the Deccan region on Nauroz:

Iran

See also: Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people

Nowruz is a two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran's official Solar Hijri calendar.[135][136] The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on 21 March.[137] On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival Chaharshanbe Suri is celebrated.[138] Following the 1979 Revolution, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,[139] considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from Islamic holidays. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.[140]

Kurdistan

Main article: Newroz as celebrated by Kurds
Kurds celebrating Nowruz in Sanandaj, Iran, 2019
Kurds celebrating Nowruz in Istanbul, Turkey, 2006

Newroz is largely considered as a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between 18 and 21 March. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.[141] Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday Nevroz in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In Cizre, Nusyabin and Şırnak celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.[142] In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in Diyarbakır, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey.

In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.[143] According to Human Rights Watch, the Kurds have had to struggle to celebrate Newroz, and in the past and the celebration has led to violent oppression, leading to several deaths and mass arrests.[144] The Syrian Arab Ba'athist government stated in 2004 that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become political demonstrations.[145] During the Newroz celebrations in 2008, three Kurds were shot dead by Syrian security forces.[146][147] In March 2010, an attack by Syrian police killed two or three people, one of them a 15-year-old girl, and more than 50 people were wounded.[148] The Rojava revolution of 2012 and the subsequent establishment of the de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria saw Kurdish civil rights greatly expand, and Newroz is now celebrated freely in most Kurdish areas of Syria except for Efrin, where the ritual is no longer allowed since the 2018 occupation by Turkish-backed rebel groups.[149]

Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen of Syria and Turkey.

Kurds in the diaspora also celebrate the New Year; for example, Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. Similarly, the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.[150] Also in London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz during March 2006.[151] In Canada, the largest Kurdish Newroz festival is held in Ontario. In the States, the city of Nashville, Tennessee includes the largest Kurdish population in the United States. The Kurds celebrate Newroz by holding a Nashville festival; dressed in their traditional clothing, they sing and dance around a fire with their family and friends.[152]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan,[153] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially near the border with Afghanistan, and across Balochistan, with a large celebration held in the capital of Quetta.[154] Recently, the government of Iran has participated in hosting celebrations in Islamabad to commemorate the holiday.[154] Like in India, the Parsi and Isma'ili communities have historically celebrated the holiday,[155] as have some Shi'a Muslims.[17]

United States

Vibrant Persian speaking Immigrant communities have been celebrating Nowruz for decades in the United States. The state of California is considered to have the largest Farsi speaking community in the country. On 19 March 2024, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued a proclamation declaring 19 March the day as Nowruz day.[156]

Theology

Zoroastrianism

Followers of the Zoroastrian faith include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other faiths.[157][better source needed] Shia literature refers to the merits of the day of Nowruz; the Day of Ghadir took place on Nowruz; and the fatwas of major Shia scholars[158] recommend fasting. Nowruz is also a holy day for Sufis, Bektashis, Ismailis, Alawites,[159] Alevis, Babis and adherents of the Baháʼí Faith.[160]

Baháʼí Faith

Main article: Baháʼí Naw-Rúz

Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the Baháʼí Faith worldwide. It is the first day of the Baháʼí calendar, occurring on the vernal equinox around 21 March.[161] The Baháʼí calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,[162] and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly, each of the 19 days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.[162] The first day and the first month were given the attribute of Bahá, an Arabic word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá.[161][163] Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with the Most Great Name of God,[161][163] and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the Nineteen-Day Fast.[164][165]

The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.[166] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'u'lláh's son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Rúz in terms of spring and the new life it brings.[161] He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the messengers of God and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Rúz is used to commemorate it.[167]

As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.[161] Persian Baháʼís still observe many of the Iranian customs associated with Nowruz such as the Haft-sin, but American Baháʼí communities, for example, may have a potluck dinner, along with prayers and readings from Baháʼí scripture.

Shia Islam

Along with Ismailis,[168][169] Alawites[citation needed] and Alevis [citation needed], the Twelver Shia also hold the day of Nowruz in high regard. [citation needed]

It has been said that Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Twelver Shia imam, has explained Nowruz and said: "In Nowruz God made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not to allow any partner for Him. To welcome His messengers and obey their rulings. This day is the first day that the fertile wind blew and the flowers on the earth appeared. The archangel Gabriel appeared to the Prophet, and it is the day that Abraham broke the idols. The day Prophet Muhammad held Ali on his shoulders to destroy the Quraishie's idols in the house of God, the Kaaba."[170][better source needed]

The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei[citation needed], Ruhollah Khomeini[171] and Ali al-Sistani.[172] The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on 16 March 632 AD, that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate. Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims around the globe celebrate Nowruz as a religious festival. Special prayers and Majalis are arranged in Jamatkhanas. Special foods are cooked and people share best wishes and prayers with each other.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ By Iranians, Kurds, and Yazidis.
  2. ^ By Iranians, Afghans, and others.
  3. ^ By the Ajam (Iranians).[3]
  4. ^ By Iranians and Turkic peoples.
  5. ^ By Xinjiang Tajiks and Turkic peoples.[5]
  6. ^ By Azerbaijanis.[8]
  7. ^ By Parsis, Iranis, Kashmiris, Deccanis, and many Shia Muslims.[9]
  8. ^ By Kurds and Turkmen.[10]
  9. ^ By Baháʼís and some Iranian Jews.[11][12]
  10. ^ By Afghans, Iranians, and others.
  11. ^ By Bayan-Ölgii Kazakhs.[14]
  12. ^ By Baloch, Baltis, Parsis, Iranis, Pashtuns, Wakhis, and some Shia Muslims.[16][17]
  13. ^ By Tatars, Bashkirs, Tabasarans, and others.[18]
  14. ^ By Iranians.
  15. ^ By Kurds.[19][20]
  16. ^ By Azerbaijanis, Kurds, and Yörüks.[22][23]
  17. ^ By Crimean Tatars.
  18. ^ By Azerbaijanis, Iranians, and others.
  19. ^ By Afghans, Azerbaijanis, Iranians, and others.
  20. ^

References

  1. ^ a b "The World Headquarters of the Bektashi Order – Tirana, Albania". komunitetibektashi.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  2. ^ a b "Nevruz in Albania in 2022". officeholidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  3. ^ "Nowruz". Gulf Hotel Bahrain. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  4. ^ "Nowruz conveys message of secularism, says Gowher Rizvi". United News of Bangladesh. 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Xinjiang Uygurs celebrate Nowruz festival to welcome spring". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  6. ^ "Nowruz celebrations in the North Cyprus". Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  7. ^ "Nevruz kutlamaları Lefkoşa'da gerçekleştirildi". Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  8. ^ "Nowruz Declared as National Holiday in Georgia". civil.ge. 21 March 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  9. ^ "Nowruz observed in Indian subcontinent". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  10. ^ a b "20 March 2012 United Nations Marking the Day of Nawroz". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq). Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  11. ^ "For Persian Jews, Passover Isn't the Only Major Spring Holiday". Kveller. 19 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Welcome to the Baha'i New Year, Naw-Ruz!". bahaiteachings.org/. 20 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  13. ^ a b c "Celebrating Nowruz in Central Asia". fravahr.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  14. ^ a b "Discover Bayan-Olgii". Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  15. ^ "احتفال النيروز في سلطنة عمان - قناة العالم الاخبارية".
  16. ^ "Farsnews". Fars News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  17. ^ a b "Happy Nauroz: Karachiites ring in the Persian new year in style". The Express Tribune. 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  18. ^ "Россия празднует Навруз [Russia celebrates Nowruz]". Golos Rossii (in Russian). 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  19. ^ "Arabs, Kurds to Celebrate Nowruz as National Day". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  20. ^ For Kurds, a day of bonfires, legends, and independence Archived 10 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Dan Murphy. 23 March 2004.
  21. ^ a b "Tajikistan 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  22. ^ ANADOLU’DA NEVRUZ KUTLAMALARI ve EMİRDAĞ-KARACALAR ÖRNEĞİ Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Anadolu'da Nevruz Kutlamalari
  23. ^ Emma Sinclair-Webb, Human Rights Watch, "Turkey, Closing ranks against accountability" Archived 12 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 2008. "The traditional Nowrouz/Nowrooz celebrations, mainly celebrated by the Kurdish population in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, and other parts of Kurdistan in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Armenia and taking place around March 21"
  24. ^ "General Information of Turkmenistan". sitara.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  25. ^ "Sweets for a sweeter Iranian new year". Los Angeles Times. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  26. ^ https://7seen.com/index1403.htm [bare URL]
  27. ^ a b "What is Nowruz? Spring Festival Celebrated by Millions". 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  28. ^ *"They celebrate the new year, which they call Chār shanba sur, on the first Wednesday of April, slightly later than the Iranian new year, Now-Ruz, on 21 March. (...) . The fact that Kurds celebrate the Iranian new year (which they call 'Nawrôz' in Kurdish) does not make them Zoroastrian" – Richard Foltz (2017). "The 'Original' Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions". Journal of Persianate Studies. Volume 10: Issue 1. pp. 93, 95
    • "On March 20, 2009, newly-elected us president Barack Obama, speaking on the occasion of the Iranian New Year, struck a conciliatory note by twice (...)" – Navid Pourmokhtari (2014). "Understanding Iran’s Green Movement as a 'movement of movements'". Sociology of Islam. Volume 2: Issue 3–4. p. 153
    • "On the occasion of Nowruz 2017 (the Iranian New Year’s Festival celebrated in many countries by various populations) it launched a 'social dialogue initiative' to promote encounters between all components of Iraqi society" – Del Re, E. C. (2019). Minorities and Interreligious Dialogue: From Silent Witnesses to Agents of Change. In Volume 10: Interreligious Dialogue. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
  29. ^ * "Nowruz, 'New Day', is a traditional ancient festival which celebrates the starts of the Persian New Year. It is the holiest and most joyful festival of the Zoroastrian year." – Mary Boyce, A. Shapur Shahbazi and Simone Cristoforetti. "NOWRUZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online[1] Archived 13 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
    • "In advance of Nowruz (the Persian New Year holiday), the Varamin Mīrās̱ and Awqāf announced the closure of a total of eight emāmzādehs in Varamin and (...)" – Keelan Overton and Kimia Maleki (2021). "The Emamzadeh Yahya at Varamin: A Present History of a Living Shrine, 2018–20". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. Volume 1: Issue 1–2. p. 137
    • "The custom of the 'false emir' or 'Nowruz ruler' leading a procession through the city has been traced back to pre-Islamic Nowruz, the traditional Persian New Year." – Michèle Epinette (2014). "MIR-E NOWRUZI" (Archived 13 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine). Encyclopædia Iranica Online.
    • "Karimov brought back the very popular Persian New Year, Navro’z (Nowruz) and introduced entirely new commemorative events such as Flag Day, Constitution Day and (...)" – Michal Fux and Amílcar Antonio Barreto. (2020). "Towards a Standard Model of the Cognitive Science of Nationalism – the Calendar". Journal of Cognition and Culture. Volume 20: Issue 5. p. 449
  30. ^ "What the 3,500-year-old holiday of Nowruz can teach us in 2024". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  31. ^ "International Nowruz Day". United Nations. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  32. ^ "General Assembly Recognizes 21 March as International Day of Nowruz, Also Changes to 23–24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". UN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  33. ^ Kenneth Katzman (2010). Iran: U. S. Concerns and Policy Responses. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4379-1881-6. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  34. ^ General Assembly Fifty-fifth session 94th plenary meeting Friday, 9 March 2001, 10 a.m. New York. United Nations General Assembly. 9 March 2001. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  35. ^ J. Gordon Melton (13 September 2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  36. ^ Azoulay, Vincent (1 July 1999). Xenophon and His World: Papers from a Conference Held in Liverpool in July 1999. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08392-8. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  37. ^ "Welcome to the Baháʼí New Year, Naw-Ruz!". BahaiTeachings.org. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  38. ^ Isgandarova, Nazila (3 September 2018). Muslim Women, Domestic Violence, and Psychotherapy: Theological and Clinical Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-89155-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  39. ^ "Navroz". the.Ismaili. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  40. ^ Premji, Zahra (21 March 2021). "Celebrating Navroz, the Persian New Year, through the lens of Ismaili Muslims". CBC.ca. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  41. ^ "What Is Norooz? Greetings, History And Traditions To Celebrate The Persian New Year". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  42. ^ "Nowruz: Celebrating the New Year on the Silk Roads | Silk Roads Programme". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  43. ^ R. Abdollahy, Calendars ii. Islamic period Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 4, London & New York, 1990.
  44. ^ "64/253: International Day of Nowruz". undocs.org. 23 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  45. ^ "International Day of Nowruz". United Nations. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  46. ^ Random House dictionary (unabridged), 2006 (according to Dictionary.reference.com Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine).
  47. ^ Elien, Shadi, "Is the Persian New Year spelled Norouz, Nowruz, or Nauruz? Archived 14 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine", The Georgia Straight, 17 March 2010.
  48. ^ a b "Iranian Calendar". aramis.obspm.fr. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  49. ^ "Call for Safe Yearend Celebration". Financial Tribune. 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018. The ancient tradition has transformed over time from a simple bonfire to the use of firecrackers...
  50. ^ "Light It Up! Iranians Celebrate Festival of Fire". NBC News. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  51. ^ a b c "International Day of Nowruz- 21 March". Azerbaijani Embassy to Kuwait. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  52. ^ "Nowruz most cheerful, popular holiday in Azerbaijan". Mehr News Agency. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  53. ^ "Novruz". UNESCO. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  54. ^ Marshall, Bonnie C.: Tashjian, Virginia A, The Flower of Paradise and Other Armenian Tales Libraries Unlimited 2007 p. xxii
  55. ^ ""April Fools' Day 2016: how did the tradition originate and what are the best pranks?". Emily Allen and Juliet Eysenck. Telegraph. 17 March 2016". 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  56. ^ "Moazami, M. "The Legend of the Flood in Zoroastrian Tradition." Persica 18: 55–74, (2002) Document Details". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  57. ^ Firdawsī (2006). Shahnameh:a new translation by Dick Davis, Viking Adult, 2006. p. 7. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03485-7.
  58. ^ a b A History of Zoroastrianism: Under the Achaemenians By Mary Boyce, Frantz Grenet. Brill, 1982 ISBN 90-04-06506-7, 978-90-04-06506-2, pp. 3–4
  59. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  60. ^ Boyce, M. "Festivals. i. Zoroastrian" Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  61. ^ برگرفته از: "گنجينه‌ي سخن"، تأليف دكتر ذبيح الله صفا، انتشارات اميركبير، 1370، جلد يكم، ص 292
  62. ^ Gardīzī, Abu Saʿīd ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy b. Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd in Encyclopedia Iranica by C. Edmund Bosworth Iranica on line Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ Tārīkh-i Gardīzī / taʾlīf, Abū Saʻīd ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn Zahāk ibn Maḥmūd Gardīzī ; bih taṣḥīḥ va taḥshiyah va taʻlīq, ʻAbd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī. Tihrān : Dunyā-yi Kitāb, 1363 [1984 or 1985]. excerpt from p. 520: مهرگان بزرگ باشد، و بعضی از مغان چنین گویند: که این فیروزی فریدون بر بیوراسپ، رام روز بودست از مهرماه، و زردشت که مغان او را به پیغمبری دارند، ایشان را فرموده است بزرگ داشتن این روز، و روز نوروز را.
  64. ^ a b Rezakhani, Khodadad. "Nowruz in History". Archived from the original on 11 April 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  65. ^ Christopher Tuplin; Vincent Azoulay, Xenophon and His World: Papers from a Conference Held in Liverpool in July 1999, Published by Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-515-08392-8, p. 148.
  66. ^ Trotter, James M. (2001). Reading Hosea in Achaemenid Yehud. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-84127-197-2. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  67. ^ The Judaic tradition " Jewish myth and legend " Sources and development " Myth and legend in the Persian period. "Encyclopædia Britannica". Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  68. ^ Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander; Gray, Louis Herbert, eds. (1919). "Purim". Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 10. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-567-06510-0. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  69. ^ کجا مادرش روشنک نام کرد؛ جهان را بدو شاد و پدرام کرد؛ مگر زو ببینی یکی نامدار؛ کجا نو کند نام اسفندیار؛ بیاراید این آتش زردهشت بگیرد همان زند و اوستا بمشت؛ نگه دارد این فال جشن سده؛ همان فر نوروز و آتشکده
  70. ^ John R. Hinnells, "Mithraic studies: proceedings", Edition: illustrated, Published by Manchester University Press ND, 1975, ISBN 0-7190-0536-1, 978-0-7190-0536-7, p. 307
  71. ^ DEHQĀN Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine iranicaonline.org
  72. ^ a b c "A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Nowruz: In the Islamic period"". Iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  73. ^ Shafa, Shojaeddin (2001). DE PERSIA A LA ESPAÑA MUSULMANA: LA HISTORIA RECUPERADA (in Spanish).
  74. ^ Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz: Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO Archived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ^ Noruz and Iranian radifs registered on UNESCO list, Tehran Times, 1 October 2009, TehranTimes.com Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  76. ^ International Nowruz Day 21 March Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine un.org
  77. ^ Nowruz became international, in Persian, BBC Persian, Wednesday, 30 September 2009, BBC.co.uk Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ "صفای ظاهر و باطن در رسم دیرین خانه تكانی". irna. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  79. ^ "ديد و بازديد نوروزي، آييني نيكو و ديرينه پابرجا". IRNA. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  80. ^ a b Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Navruz". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 524–525. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  81. ^ "Noruz, manifestation of culture of peace, friendship among societies". Tehran Times. 7 April 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  82. ^ "Nowruz: Persian New Year's Table Celebrates Spring Deliciously". NPR. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  83. ^ "از هفت سین تا هفت میوه". Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  84. ^ "Haji Firooz & Amoo Nowruz – The Persian Troubadour & Santa Claus". Persian Mirror. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  85. ^ Thus Speaks Mother Simorq Archived 30 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, p. 151
  86. ^ Iranica: Pir-e Zan Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ^ Amu Nowruz Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Fazlollah Mohtadi, Shiraz University Centre for Children's Literature Studies
  88. ^ Faces around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face By Margo DeMello – Black Face, p. 28
  89. ^ Arvin, Ayub (21 March 2010). "نوروز و چالش‌های سیاسی و مذهبی در افغانستان". London: BBC Persian. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  90. ^ ""Nauryz Kozhe" is a spring dish". 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  91. ^ Rostami, Hoda (17 March 2007). "Yek Jahan Noruz". Saman (Publication of Iranian National Tax Administration). No. 23.
  92. ^ Lt. j.g. Keith Goodsell (7 March 2011). "Key Afghan, US leadership plant trees for Farmer's Day". United States Central Command. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  93. ^ "BBCPersian.com". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  94. ^ "Azerbaijan 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  95. ^ "Nowruz Declared as National Holiday in Georgia". Civil.Ge. 1 July 2001. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  96. ^ "Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  97. ^ "Iraq 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  98. ^ "Nowruz in Kyrgyzstan". Payvand.com. 26 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  99. ^ "Kyrgyzstan 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  100. ^ "Turkmen President Urges Youth To Read 'Rukhnama'". RFERL. 20 March 2006. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  101. ^ "Turkmenistan 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  102. ^ "Uzbekistan 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  103. ^ "In pictures: Norouz – New Year festival". BBC News. 21 March 2006. Archived from the original on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  104. ^ "Clashes erupt at Turkey's Dita e Verës. spring festival". Daily Star. 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  105. ^ "BBCPersian.com". BBC. Archived from the original on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  106. ^ "Event – Second Annual Persian New Year Festival". AZFoothills.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  107. ^ "Novruz... Celebration That Would Not Die". Azer.com. 13 March 1990. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  108. ^ House Passes Historic Nowruz (sic) Resolution Archived 22 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, National Iranian American Council, 15 March 2010.
  109. ^ "Legislative Digest, GOP.gov, H.Res. 267". Archived from the original on 20 March 2014.
  110. ^ Malthe Conrad Bruun, Universal geography, or A description of all the parts of the world, Vol. II., London 1822, p. 282
  111. ^ "Bush Sends Nowruz Greetings to Afghans". American Embassy Press Section. 20 March 2002. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  112. ^ Greenfield, Charlotte (20 March 2022). "Taliban cancel public holiday for Nowruz but say celebrations allowed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  113. ^ Katrandjian, Olivia (16 May 2010). "Booze and relative freedom lure Iranians to Christian enclave to the north". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  114. ^ Smbatian, Hasmik (23 March 2011). "Iranians Flock To Armenia On Norouz Holiday". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  115. ^ Mkrtchyan, Gayane (22 March 2011). "Nowruz in Armenia: Many Iranians again prefer Yerevan for spending their New Year holiday". ArmeniaNow. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  116. ^ Katrandjian, Olivia (16 May 2010). "Postcard from Armenia". PBS. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  117. ^ "President Sargsyan: Happy Nowruz to Armenia's Kurds and Iran". Hetq Online. 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  118. ^ "Studentsoftheworld – Azeri Traditions". Students of the World. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  119. ^ "NOVRUZ HOLIDAY". Azerbaijan.az. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  120. ^ Nazrin, Nazrin (18 March 2014). "Azerbaijanis celebrate Last Tuesday before Novruz Holiday". Azer News. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  121. ^ "Nowruz Holiday". Azeri America. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  122. ^ "Open air celebrations at Nowruz Bayram in Israel". Vestnik Kavkaza. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  123. ^ a b Koch, Ebba (2011). "The Mughal Audience Hall: A Solomonic Revival of Persepolis in the Form of a Mosque". In Duindam, Jeroen; Artan, Tülay; Kunt, Metin (eds.). Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires. A Global Perspective. Brill. pp. 313–338. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2rh.19.
  124. ^ a b "Nauroz Then and Now". Rana Safvi. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  125. ^ Rofique, Rafiqul Islam (2012). "Nauroj". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  126. ^ Malikov Azim, The celebration of Nawruz in Bukhara and Samarkand in ritual practice and social discourse (the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century) in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. volume 48. issue 2., 2020, pp.124–131.
  127. ^ Malikov A.M., The celebration of Nawruz in Bukhara and Samarkand in ritual practice and social discourse (the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century) in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. volume 48. issue 2. 2020, p.124.
  128. ^ "Nowruz in Central Asia". Young Pioneer Tours. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  129. ^ a b c "Spring is in the air: Novruz in Tbilisi". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  130. ^ "Iranians in Georgia celebrate Nowruz". YouTube. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  131. ^ "Nowruz Byram to be Celebrated in Tbilisi today". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  132. ^ "Public Defender congratulates Georgian citizens of Azeri Origin with Nowruz Bairam". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  133. ^ Pandey, Alpana (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-5017-8. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  134. ^ Pandey, Alpana (11 August 2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-5017-8. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  135. ^ "Calendars" [The solar Hejrī (Š. = Šamsī) and Šāhanšāhī calendars]. Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  136. ^ "Iran's festive drink and drugs binge". BBC World News. 27 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  137. ^ "Iran Public Holidays 2017". Mystery of Iran. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  138. ^ "Divided views on Iran's new year". BBC World News. 20 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  139. ^ Michael Slackman (20 March 2006). "Ayatollahs Aside, Iranians Jump for Joy at Spring". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  140. ^ Jason Rezaian (21 March 2013). "The politicization of Nowruz, Iran's new year". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  141. ^ "Kurdistan turco". Marcocavallini.it. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  142. ^ Richter, Fabian (2016). Identität, Ethnizität und Nationalismus in Kurdistan (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-643-13234-5.
  143. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan Sperl (1991). The Kurds. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07265-6.
  144. ^ Amnesty International (16 March 2004). "Syria: Mass arrests of Syrian Kurds and fear of torture and other ill-treatment". Archived from the original on 19 November 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
  145. ^ Yildiz, Kerim; Fryer, Georgina (2004). The Kurds: Culture and Language Rights. Kurdish Human Rights Project. ISBN 978-1-900175-74-6.
  146. ^ "Three Kurds killed in Syria shooting, human rights group says – Middle East". Monsters And Critics. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  147. ^ "Police kill three Kurds in northeast Syria – group". Reuters. 21 March 2008. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  148. ^ "Rojhelat News". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  149. ^ "Turkey bans Newroz celebrations for Syrian Kurds in Afrin". alaraby. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  150. ^ Wahlbeck, Osten (1999). Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-22067-9.
  151. ^ "London celebrates Newroz: The Kurdish New Year". The Londoner. March 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
  152. ^ "Who are the Kurds, and why are they in Nashville?". Tennessean.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  153. ^ "Nowruz in Pakistan – The kite festival". en. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  154. ^ a b "Nowruz celebrated in Pakistan with Iran's active participation". IRNA English. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  155. ^ "Navroz". the.Ismaili. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  156. ^ "Governor Newsom Proclaims Nowrūz Day 2024". California Governor. 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  157. ^ Mogul, Priyanka Mogul (18 March 2016). "Nowruz 2016: Who are Persia's Zoroastrians and why is their festival being celebrated in India?". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  158. ^ "Nowruz in the Twelver Shi'a faith". Rafed.net. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  159. ^ "But they also celebrate some of the same festivals as the Christians, like Christmas and Epiphany, as well as Nauruz, which originally is the Zoroastrian New Year". I-cias.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  160. ^ "The Baháʼí Calendar". Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
  161. ^ a b c d e Walbridge, John (11 July 2004). "Naw-Ruz: The Baháʼí New Year". Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  162. ^ a b Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-87743-160-2. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  163. ^ a b Lehman, Dale E. (18 March 2000). "A New Year Begins". Planet Baháʼí. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  164. ^ Bahá'u'lláh (1991). Baháʼí Prayers. Wilmitte, IL: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 261.
  165. ^ Bahá'u'lláh (1992) [1873]. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-85398-999-8. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  166. ^ MacEoin, Dennis (1989). "Bahai Calendar and Festivals". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  167. ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá (21 March 1913). "Abdul-Baha at Clifton, England" (PDF). Star of the West. 4 (1): 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024. republished in Effendi, Shoghi; The Universal House of Justice (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-81-85091-46-4. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  168. ^ "Nowruz Persian New Year – Eid Mubarak! | Ismaili Web Amaana". Ismaili Web Amaana. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  169. ^ "Navroz". The Ismaili. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  170. ^ Mireskandari, Anousheh (March 2012). "Nowruz in Islam". Islamic Centre of England. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  171. ^ Tahrir al-Wasilah, by Ayatollah Khomeini, Vol. 1, pp. 302–303
  172. ^ Islamic Laws, by Ali al-Sistani, under the section; "Mustahab Fasts"

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nowruz.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nowruz&oldid=1255766029"